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Placenta previa is a situation characterised by irregular placental implantation both instantly over or adjoining to the inner cervical os. Threat components embrace smoking, multiparity, a number of cesarean deliveries, prior historical past of placenta previa, and superior maternal age. This affected person has two essential danger factors–previous cesarean deliveries and multiparity–that might result in the event of irregular placenta implantation.

Varieties of placenta previa embrace:
Full: full protecting of the inner cervical os.
Partial: partial protecting of the inner cervical os.
Marginal: placenta is adjoining to the inner cervical os.
Vasa previa: fetal vessel is current over the cervical os.
Low-lying placenta: placenta is implanted within the decrease section of the uterus, however it doesn’t cowl the inner cervical os.

The basic presentation of placenta previa is delicate, painless, self-limited vaginal bleeding after 24 weeks’ gestation. Uterine contractions are sometimes absent. Fetal and/or maternal misery is uncommon until vital placental hemorrhage happens. Though transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is the gold commonplace for diagnosing placenta previa, transabdominal ultrasound is carried out initially to keep away from direct trauma to the placenta with the ultrasound probe. If the transabdominal ultrasound exhibits placenta previa or the findings are nondiagnostic, TVUS ought to be carried out to higher outline placental place.

Abruptio placentae is the untimely separation of the placenta from the uterus. It may current with bleeding however is mostly related to stomach ache and uterine contractions. Breakthrough bleeding is a time period usually used to explain mid-cycle bleeding in girls who should not pregnant and are taking oral contraceptives. Preterm labor happens earlier than 37 weeks’ gestation and presents with uterine contractions and cervical change. Threatened abortion is vaginal bleeding by means of a closed cervical os, occurring within the first 20 weeks of being pregnant.

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