Femur		Linea aspera: insertion of adductor magnus
Tibia-Fibula		Tibia Upper end expanded into medial (bigger) and lateral (smaller) condyles Intercondylar eminence projects between the two Anterior tibial tuberosity (insertion of patella tendon) Popliteal ("Soleal" line) is the tibial origin of soleus Shaft of tibia subcutaneous and unprotected     Fibula Origin for muscles Part of ankle joint Pulley for tendons of peroneus longus and brevis Inferior fibula notch (tibialis posterior tendon)     Joints Superior tibiofibular joint - synovial joint between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Interosseous membrane - crossed by anterior tibial vessels Inferior tibiofibular joint: fibrous joint
Patella		Largest sesamoid bone (in expansion of quadriceps tendon) - continues as patella ligament; inserts into tibial tuberosity Posterior surface covered with cartilage Articulats with 2 condyles (larger on lateral aspect, smaller medial aspect) Prevention of dislocation mechanisms (tends to dislocate laterally due to pull of quadriceps, genu valgus) Medial pull of vastus medialis Well developed lateral femoral condyle Larger lateral articular surface of patella

Knee Joint

1. Hinge joints (a) patello-femoral (b)
2. Enclosed in capsule
   • communicates with suprapatella bursa
   • perforated posteriorly by popliteus muscle (disengages knee joint)
   • Reinforced by medial (attached to meniscus) and lateral collateral ligaments
   • Capsule reinforced by patella ligament + patella retinaculum
3. Internal structures
   • Cruciate ligaments: anterior and posterior intercondylar areas, pass obliquley and attach to intercondylar notch
   • Semilunar menisci- crescent shaped
4. Movements
   • Extension: quadriceps femoris
   • Flexion: hamstrings
   • Medial rotators: popliteus (unscrews the knee)

Veins of the leg

Saphenous opening

• 2 finger breadths below and lateral to pubic tubercle
• Defect in fascia lata but not covered by cribiform fascia
• Long saphenous vein perforates fascia before joining femoral vein

Pulses

1. Femoral pulse (mid inguinal point)
2. Popliteal pulse (popliteal fossa)
3. Posterior tibial pulse (behind medial malleolus halfway between malleolus and heel)
4. Dorsalis pedis pulse (between extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum)

Femoral Artery in thigh and meralgia parasthetica

Femoral Triangle

1. Lateral border: medial edge of sartorius
2. Medial border: lateral edge of adductor longus
3. Upper border: inguinal ligament
4. Floor: Iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus
5. Roof: fascia lata
6. Contents: femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymph nodes, lymphatics

Adductor Canal

1. Groove in thigh extending from apex of femoral triangle to hiatus in adductor magnus
2. Contains: femoral artery, vein, saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medialis

Popliteal fossa

1. Inferiorly: two heads of gastronemius
2. Superio-medial: semitendonosis, semimembranosis
3. Superio-lateral: biceps femoris
4. Contents: popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve, sural nerve ("re-joining" of tibial and common peroneal nerve) + short saphenous vein

[Foot and ankle]