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Foot and Ankle

Ankle

  1. Hinged synovial joint
  2. Weak anteriorly and posteriorly, reinforced laterally by collateral ligaments (calcaneo-fibular ligament; deltoid ligament)
  3. Movements
    • Dorisflexion: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum lopngus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius
    • Plantarflexion: gastrocnemius, soleus + tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus 

 

Lateral foot muscles

  1. Anterior Compartment
    • Tibialis Anterior
    • Extensor hallucis longus
    • Extensor digitorum longus - dorsal surface 4 lateral toes
  2. Lateral Compartment
    • Peroneus longus
    • Peroneus brevis
    • [Peroneus tertius] - base 5th MT

Medial foot muscles

  1. Deep posterior compartment
    • Tibials posterior
    • Flexor Digitorum
    • (AVN)
    • Flexor Hallucis longus
  2. Superficial posterior compartment
    • Soleus
    • Gastrocneumius
    • Plantaris

Bones of Foot

 

 

Arches of Foot

  • Maintained by shape of interlocking bones, muscles and foot ligaments 

  1. Longitudinal
    • Medial longitudinal (higher): calcaneum, talus, naivular, 3 cuneiforms, 3 medial metatarsals
    • Lateral longitudinal (lower):  calcaneum, cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals
  2. Transverse 

 

 

Ligaments of the foot

 

Ligaments involved in the maintenance of the foot arches

  1. Spring ligament (calcaneonavicular) ligament - sustentaculum tali of calcaneus to tuberosity of navicular
  2. Short plantar ligament (calcaneocuboidal)
  3. Long plantar ligament: calcaneum to bases of 2/3/4 metatarsals (forms tunnel for peroneus longus tendon)

 

Muscles involved in the maintenance of the foot arches

  1. Peroneus longus tendon (inserts lateral side of 1st metatarsal)
  2. Tibialis posterior inserts into tuberosity of navicular

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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