Carcinoma

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells

1. Squamous epithelium - SCC, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma
2. Glandular epithelium - Adenocarcinoma
3. Transitional epithelium (urinary tract)
4. Undifferentiated (anaplastic)

Sarcoma

Malignant tumour composed of connective tissue cells (mesenchyme)

1. Ligament - chondrosarcoma
2. Fat - liposarcoma
3. Bone - osteosarcoma
4. Fibrous tissue - fibrosarcoma

Typed by tissue that forms the greatest volumne of the tumour

Blastoma

Characteristically childhood tumours

Eg. Retinoblastoma, nephroblastom (Wilm's tumour), Neuroblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Hepatoblastoma

Teratoma

Neoplasm composed of cells with potential to form all three germ layers.
May benign or malignant
99% ovary benign, 99% testicular malignant

Grading

• Well differentiated
• Moderately differentiated
• Poorly differentiated
• Undifferentiated

Examples:

1. Rye classification of lymphoma
2. Bloom & Richardson grading system

Staging

Degree of spread

Examples:

1. Royal Marsden Testicular cancer
2. Ann-Arbor Lymphoma
3. Duke's staging of colorectal cancer
4. Breast Manchester / Columbia system