Calculi
- Abnormal mass of precipitated solid material in a duct
- Prostatic (commonest: most TURP and prostatectomy specimens have calculi)
- Biliary
- Urinary
- Pancreatic
- Salivary
Principles of formation
- Flow
- Stasis
- Wall
- Constituents
- Nidus (desqumated cells, secretion, infection)
- Increased colloid / reduced solvent
- Change in pH
Complications of Calculi
(Depends on site and size)
Obstruction
Haemorrhage
Infection
Stricture
Perforation
Metaplasia/Malignant change